Youth: Investing in the Future
The world today contains 1.8 billion youth between the ages of 10 and 24—the most populous age group in the world. Youth in transition today shape urbanization trends, civil society, and needs of the aging across the spectrum. As tomorrow’s potential leaders, today’s youth are challenged by violence, climate change, shifting family structures, and intergenerational transmission of poverty, educational disadvantage, and gender discrimination. Highly vulnerable to the health threats of injury, substance abuse, sexual risk, and mental illness, their choices and the consequences of their behaviors not only shape individual trajectories but also influence the fate of entire societies and nations. While contemporary adolescents face challenges, they also demonstrate a technological sophistication in a digitally interconnected world—and greater access than their parents to new ideas, information, and innovation. With the right policies and investments, they can become the problem-solvers, entrepreneurs, and change agents of the coming decades.
Subthemes
Vulnerability & Agency
Education & Workforce
Prevention & Policy
We often think of youth as a time for freedom and exploration. But many youth across the world lack this “right to adolescence,” are pressed by family poverty and social expectations to leave school, work long hours despite child labor laws, and, for girls, marry young. Exclusion, marginalization, stigma and gender discrimination further increase youth vulnerability, and impede their power to be active agents in shaping their future. How do we ensure that country-specific laws, regulations and policies reflect the commitments made to international treaties guaranteeing the rights of adolescents and youth? Addressing the health dimensions of the world’s rapidly expanding adolescent population will require new thinking at the nexus of education, labor and economics, design and technology, public policy, religion, and society, and the media.
Below are examples of resources relevant to the overarching themes. Previously highlighted resources and additional resources can be found in our digital Repository.
Resources:
Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition 2025
This report from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and World Bank Group presents global, regional, and country estimates of child malnutrition, analyzing trends and pulling out key findings on stunting, wasting, and overweight in children under 5. The 2025 report finds that progress is not on track to meet the global targets set out by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Although the world has seen declines in child stunting and wasting since 2000, rates of overweight remain stagnant and recent data show a potential increase in stunting that could put progress at risk. The report aims to inform nutrition programs and assess progress toward the SDGs.
Water Under Fire, Volume 3
This report from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) focuses on how attacks on water and sanitation services during armed conflict affect children. This is the third volume of the Water Under Fire campaign, which aims to bring attention to water and sanitation access in fragile contexts. The report examines international humanitarian and human rights frameworks that address access to water and sanitation in armed conflict, describes how armed conflict may directly or indirectly impact water and sanitation services, and summarizes the risks posed to children’s health and survival without access to clean water and sanitation. The report notes that when conflict impairs safe water access, children’s health is affected by disease outbreaks, disruptions to infrastructure and services, displacement, economic hardship, and more.
The State of the World's Children 2025
This report from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) examines the state of child poverty in the world today, finding that progress toward ending child poverty is under threat. The report analyses data and trends in monetary child poverty, relative monetary child poverty, and multidimensional child poverty, which measures deprivations across six area: education, health, housing, nutrition, sanitation, and water. The report finds that more than one in every five children globally are severely deprived in at least two areas of multidimensional poverty. The report also explores policy actions proven to reduce child poverty as well as global threats driving child poverty.
Many of today’s youth find themselves lost in the transition between school and the job market. What would help youth stay in school, gain job skills, pursue careers, and enjoy well-being as adults? What policies and structural interventions could broaden the realistic options for youth in terms of employment, earnings, and income security? The emergence of a large youth population can have a profound effect on any country. However, whether that effect is positive or negative depends largely on how well governments respond to their needs and enable them to engage fully and meaningfully in school, civic, and economic affairs. All sectors can contribute to the development of adolescents into capable adults—providing role models and mentors, programs for education and training, and opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship. Global and national efforts to connect business sector opportunities with education and skills building may help create successful models to bridge this vital transition to adulthood.
Below are examples of resources relevant to the overarching themes. Previously highlighted resources and additional resources can be found in our digital Repository.
Resources:
Global Education Monitoring Report 2025: Gender Report
This report from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) accompanies the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report. The report focuses on gender disparities in education leadership, finding that there is a 20-percentage point gender gap in school leadership. The report acknowledges that as gender gaps in education participation have narrowed, gender gaps in leadership remain at all levels of education and in education minister positions. The report highlights the benefits of increasing female leadership in education and provides recommendations for removing barriers and helping women access leadership positions. The report is accompanied by an executive summary and series of blog posts sharing key details from the report.
Trying to Make Kampala's Primary Schools Healthier and Safer
"This case from the Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) provides an overview of the path toward improving primary schools in Kampala, Uganda, detailing challenges and considerations to address infrastructure, health, and safety of schools in the city. The case explores the challenges faced by the Kampala Capital City Authority to improve the 81 primary schools in the city, many of which posed significant safety and environmental risks to students including dilapidated buildings, lack of sufficient furniture or toilets, and exposure to asbestos. The case explores the efforts to improve the health and safety of primary schools to further ensure safe and accessible primary education for the 61,000 primary school students in Kampala. This case study is offered for a small fee by Harvard Business School Publishing."
Guidance on Policy and Strategic Actions To Protect and Promote Mental Health and Well-Being Across Government Sectors
This publication from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides comprehensive guidance and policy directives for integrating mental health promotion and protection across all sectors of government. The authors aim to help policymakers integrate mental health and wellbeing into cross-sectoral and sector-specific policy. The guidance is comprised of 12 publications to promote mental health in the culture, arts, and sports sector; the defense and veterans sector; the education sector; the employment sector; the environment, conservation and climate protection sector; the health sector; the interior sector; the justice sector; the social protection sector; the urban and rural development sector; and in cross-sectoral initiatives.
Adolescence is a period when youth may be exposed to high-risk activities that can have lifelong health consequences: high-speed driving, unsafe sex, smoking, alcohol and drug use, or exploitation and abuse as youth are challenged to create meaningful patterns of activities and relationships. What conversations, innovations, and structural changes are necessary to equip youth to choose and support health-generating behaviors? Interventions from within and outside the health sector—for example related to motor vehicle laws, age of consent, child labor, and limits on media exposure and advertising—can all contribute to the wide range of opportunities to support adolescent health. Where are the “pulse points” of practice and policy that will net the greatest investments in advancing health for the intersecting generations of tomorrow?
Below are examples of resources relevant to the overarching themes. Previously highlighted resources and additional resources can be found in our digital Repository.
Resources:
2025 Goalkeepers Report: We Can't Stop at Almost
This report from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation tracks progress for 18 key indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which were adopted by the United Nations to address global challenges and end extreme poverty, inequality, and climate change by 2030. With only five years left to achieve to 2030 targets set out by the SDGs, the 2025 report finds that the world is off track to meet global goals by 2030. This year’s report highlights that 2025 is the first year this century where under-5 child deaths is projected to increase. The report calls for increased funding and urgent action—particularly in strengthening primary health care, delivering vaccines, prioritizing cost-effective innovations, and addressing infectious disease—to reverse child mortality, meet the SDG targets, and create a healthier, more equitable future for all.
Global Polio Eradication Initiative Videos
This video portal from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative provides more than 50 short videos on numerous topics related to polio prevention, ranging from coffee with polio experts to animations on how to respond to a polio outbreak. These videos could be integrated into lesson plans, activities, or assignments.
Immunization Country Profiles
These country profiles from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) outline the state of immunization coverage for polio, hepatitis, measles, rubella, and several other infectious diseases. Each report contains detailed historical and current data on the vaccination programs for these diseases based on joint estimates by UNICEF and the World Health Organization in partnership with country-level government partners.
Mental Health and Media in Malawi
In Malawi, there is no word for depression in the local language of Chichewa—making an already complex topic even more difficult to discuss. To simultaneously build a language around mental health and spark conversations about the common challenges youth face, Farm Radio International implemented participatory radio programs—coupled with teacher training, school curriculums, and radio listening clubs. The radio programs, also tackling topics like sex and drug use, are designed with the goal of reducing stigma about mental health disorders among young Malawians and their families and communities. “We have created a situation where they [the youth] are free to talk to me about whatever is on their minds,” said Dick Shumba, the rapper and host of the Malawian program, Nkhawa Njee ‘Yonse Bo’ (Depression free, life is cool). More than 500,000 youth have been reached through the weekly radio shows about mental health in Malawi and Tanzania.
Youth and Human Rights
As youth around the world transition into adolescence, they may face health risks related to gang violence, sexual exploitation, early marriage, unemployment and lack of skill-training, and risky travel and migration to escape danger at home. If teens are to fulfill their potential and thrive, a human-rights-based framework is needed. This is the message of a book, Human Rights and Adolescence, edited by human rights lawyer and Harvard professor, Jacqueline Bhabha. The book draws on the expertise of 25 research scholars, activists, and educators across multiple disciplines to explore the process and meanings of adolescence; the role of trauma, stigma, and resilience in youth who group up with violence; and opportunities to engage in strategic social interventions to realize and advance adolescent rights. Learn more about the book.
School and Employment: What Works?
“Crosswalk” solutions can help link education with work-based learning opportunities in the business sector, says Harvard Graduate School of Education Emeritus Professor Robert B. Schwartz. Building on European models where apprenticeship opportunities are streamlined early into school programs in adolescence, Schwartz helped co-found Boston Compact, a partnership between schools and the city’s business community to empower youth access to jobs and job training. Collaborating with the Boston Private Industry Council, the partnership connects over 3000 youth each year with jobs and internships. The program’s success has inspired others to similar models; one of these, the “Pathways to Prosperity Network,” partners with eight states to “build out” career pathways to help youth gain marketable skills in high-demand fields such as health care, information technology, and manufacturing.
Stop Gender-Related Killing
Every day, women and girls worldwide are murdered because of their gender, and too often, perpetrators are not held accountable. Women are killed as a result of intimate partner violence, in the name of “honor,” in connection of accusations of witchcraft, and armed conflict. First proposed in 2013, the resolution “Taking action against gender-related killing of women and girls” was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 2015. The resolution urges member states to strengthen gender-sensitive approaches criminal justice through appropriate punishment of perpetrators and support of victims; to share and implement best legal practices and existing international agreements; and to collect more accurate and consistent statistics that foster better understanding and response to trends of gender-related killing and related violence. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has also issued a booklet summarizing recommendations, tools, and assistance that United Nations entities can provide to assist member states in taking action against gender-related killing.